Association of physical exercise on anxiety and depression amongst adults

This study was done to determine the frequency of anxiety, depression among those who exercise regularly and those who do not. A cross-sectional study was conducted at different gymnasiums of Karachi in July-August 2013. A total 269 individual's ages were 18 - 45 years completed a self-administered questionnaire to assess the data using simple descriptive statistics. One hundred and thirty four individuals were those who did not perform exercise which included females [55.0%] being more frequently anxious than male [46.4%]. Females [39.9%] were more frequently depressed as compared to males [26.4%] less depressed. Chi-square test showed association between anxiety levels and exercise was significantly increased in non-exercisers compared to regular exercisers found to be significant [p=0.015]. Individuals who performed regular exercise had a lower frequency of depression [28.9%] than non-exercisers [41.8%]. Physical exercise was significantly associated with lower anxiety and depression frequency amongst the studied adult population

To compare the effectiveness of constraint induced movement therapy versus motor relearning programme to improve motor function of hemiplegic upper extremity after stroke

To compare the effectiveness of constraint induced movement therapy versus motor relearning programme to improve motor function of hemiplegic upper extremity after stroke. A sample of 42 patients was recruited from the Physiotherapy Department of IPM and R and Neurology OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi through non probability purposive sampling technique. Twenty one patients were placed to each experimental and control groups. Experimental group was treated with Constraint Induced Movement Therapy [CIMT] and control group was treated with motor relearning programme [MRP] for three consecutive weeks. Pre and post treatment measurements were determined by upper arm section of Motor Assessment Scale [MAS] and Self Care item of Functional Independence Measure [FIM] Scale. Intra group analysis showed statistically significant results [p-value<0.05] in all items of MAS in both groups. However, advanced hand activities item of MAS in MRP group showed insignificant result [p-value=0.059]. Self-care items of FIM Scale also showed significant result [p-value< 0.05] in both groups except dressing upper body item [p-value=0.059] in CIMT group and grooming and dressing upper body items [p-value=0.059 and 0.063] in MRP group showed insignificant p-values. CIMT group showed more significant improvement in motor function and self-care performance of hemiplegic upper extremity as compared to MRP group in patients with sub-acute stroke assessed by the MAS and FIM scales. Thus CIMT is proved to be more statistically significant and clinically effective intervention in comparison to motor relearning programme among the patients aged between 35-60 years. Further studies are needed to evaluate CIMT effects in acute and chronic post stroke population

effectiveness of Kayaking exercises as compared to general mobility exercises in reducing axial rigidity and improve bed mobility in early to mid stage of Parkinson's disease

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of kayaking exercises in the management of axial rigidity, improve bed mobility by improving trunk rotation in Parkinson's patients

Methods: Experimental randomized controlled trail conducted at Physiotherapy department of IPM and R, DUHS and neurology Outpatient Department of Civil Hospital Karachi

Sample size of 48 was calculated with the use of openEpi. After baseline assessment 24 participants were assigned to each Kayaking exercise and general mobility exercise groups. Both groups received treatment for 75 minutes, 6 days a week for 4 weeks. Pre and post treatment measurements were determined by goniometer that assessed the cervical and thoracolumbar rotations whereas bed mobility was assessed by Modified Parkinson's Activity Scale [MPAS]

Results: In Kayaking group mean cervical spine left rotation increased from 32.95+/-9.66 to 47.25+/-10.58, right side cervical spine rotation increased from 34.00+/-10.32 to 47.58+/-11.96, left side thoracolumbar rotation increased from 23.67 +/- 4.70 to 28.16 +/- 3.44, right side thoracolumbar rotation increased from 20.79+/-5.34 to 26.45+/-4.62. In control group mean cervical spine left rotation increased from 34.66+/-9.26 to 43.08+/-8.70, right side cervical spine rotation increased from 35.37+/-9.77 to43.83+/-9.59 , left side thoracolumbar rotation increased from 23.70+/-4.77 to 26.87+/-3.73, right side thoracicolumbar rotation increased from 21.16+/-5.29 to 24.95+/-4.53 [P value <0.001]

Bed mobility on MPAS scale also showed significant improvements [P value <0.001]

Conclusion: Both Kayaking and general exercises resulted in significant improvements after 4 weeks of treatment. However, Kayaking exercises were slightly more beneficial than general exercises

Methylglyoxal level in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: a prospective, randomized and case control study at tertiary care hospitals, Hyderabad, Pakistan

To study the methyglyoxal [MG] levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] subjects compared with normal controls and to evaluate relationship of MG with blood sugar, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Comparative case control study. This study was conducted at the Diabetic clinics of Isra University Hospital for a period of six months from. Thirty normal controls [Group. I] and thirty T2DM [Group. II] were studied according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. 5.0 ml of blood was transferred into citrated bottles. Serum was obtained by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for ten minutes and were frozen at -20 Degree C. The blood glucose level was detected by glucose oxidase method. MG was measured by the ELISA assay. Student`s t-test, Chi square test and Pearson`s correlations were used for the continous and categorical variables and linear association respectively. The Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. A p-value of

Determinants of upper limb amputations in a tertiary care center, Pakistan

To determine the frequency and causes of accidental upper limb amputations seeking rehabilitation [prosthesis] care in a tertiary care center. Observational Descriptive Study. This study was carried out at outpatients Department of Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi from Jan 2007 to Dec 2010. The Sampling Technique was non Probability Purposive sampling. A study specific Performa was prepared which included patient age, stump complications, level of amputation and associated risk factors. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 15. The Mean+/-SD age of ULA was 28.56 +/- SD 11.97 [years]. Most ULA were reported from Karachi 65 [67.7%]. Labourers were the most commonly affected groups 33 [34.4%].Accidents leading to ULA were reported in 89 [92.70] and machine injury [chaff cutting] was responsible in one third of the ULA. Quarter of the ULA had leading cause electric injury. Only, 16 [16.7%] amputees had road traffic accidents. The study concluded that majority of upper limb amputation were caused by machine accidents affecting mostly labourers. Therefore, machine safety protocols for labourers, farmers and workers should be implemented in their local language and through pictoral messages and inbuilt safety measures machines should be sold by company representatives

Determinants of lower extremity amputations: an institutional experience

To determine the determinants of lower extremity amputations in diabetics and non-diabetics in a tertiary care institute. Cross-sectional, analytical study. Outpatients Department of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from January 2007 to December 2010. All patients with amputations reporting at the study centre for prosthesis fitting were included in the study. Patient's age, level of amputation, stump complications and associated risk factors of amputation were recorded on a structured proforma. Prosthesis and orthotic assessment were carried out. The frequency and determinants were collected to compare diabetic and non-diabetic amputees. The data was analyzed in SPSS windows version 16. A total of 1091 subjects were provided prosthesis, including 847 males [77.6%]. Mean age in diabetic and nondiabetics being 49.6 +/- 15.2 and 26.6 +/- 17.9 years respectively which is significant at [p < 0.001]. Socioeconomic status and educational levels were significantly associated with diabetic status [p < 0.001]. Amputation was more common in non-diabetic 858 [78.6%] compared to diabetics 233 [21.4%]. This study has identified that most common and significant predictors were gender, low social status and educational levels. Other significant predictors of amputation identified were type of lesion, [infections and ischaemia], initial diagnosis acute/chronic arterial insufficiency and diabetic foot

Diabetes mellitus and limb loss: an analysis from a tertiary care center

To compare the frequency and determinants of prosthesis fitting [artificial limbs] in diabetic and non-diabetic amputees at a tertiary care center. Cross Sectional Comparative Study This study was conducted at Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [IPM and R] at Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi during Oct 2007- Sep 2010. Data was collected from amputee records files seeking carefor prosthetic fitting. There were 1469 prosthesis fitted in both diabetic and non-diabetics patients. The data from both groups were compared for frequency of amputation in diabetic and non-diabetics. The data was entered and analysis was performed on SPSS windows version 16. The analysis of data was performed for patients who were provided prosthesis fitting at IPM and R. Diabetic males were 327[73.6%] female were 117 [26.4%].About a third of amputees had primary, secondary and tertiary health care services for control of diabetes. About 60% of all diabetics were not able to seek medical care for control of diabetes. The use of primary, secondary and tertiary health care services to control diabetes were also recorded to correlate with health seeking facilities among diabetics. The prosthesis fitting was given to one third of diabetic patients after lower limb amputation. The major determinants of diabetic amputees were old age, man uneducated, low socioeconomic status. The facilities for primary, secondary and tertiary health care services to control diabetes are available only to one third of diabetic patients. Diabetic control, education of foot care and accessibility to diabetic and prosthesis centre can markedly improve functional integration of diabetic amputees in community

Epidemiology of amputation; low resource community: Sindh province, Pakistan [October 2007- june2012]

Amputation is stated to be a foremost but preventable community health problem causing intense financial, social and emotional effects on the patient and family particularly in developing countries where the prosthetic services are limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the causes and levels of amputation in low resource community, Sindh Pakistan. This was a retrospective chart review study that was carried out at first civilian Institute of physical medicine and rehabilitation-Dow University of health sciences from October 2007 to June 2012. After verbal informed consent all patients, who underwent major or minor amputation were enrolled for the study. Data was collected using a pre-tested, coded questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 16. A total of 1115 patients were enrolled into the study. Their ages were ranged between 2-95 years [mean 38.40 +/- 17.38]. Among total population of amputees 83.58% were males. The most common cause for major limb amputation was road Traffic accident 38.38%, followed by Diabetes 15.42%, infection 14.26% and trauma 12.37%. Lower limbs [trans-tibial] amputations were in 47.35% of cases and transfemoral in 27.98% of cases. While for the upper limb trans-radial amputation [7.4%] were found to be more common than trans-humeral [5.56%]. Other amputations were for shoulder, hip and knee disarticulations. Road traffic accidents, complications of diabetic foot ulcers, infections and trauma were the most common causes for major limb amputations found in low resource community, Sindh Pakistan. The majority of these amputations are preventable by endowment of traffic rules, health education, early preventions and appropriate management of the common infections

Obstetrics determinants of cerebral palsy in children from birth to five years

To determine obstetrics risk factors for cerebral palsy from birth to 5 years children. A hospital based cross sectional survey. This study was conducted in outpatient department, Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi, Pakistan during October 2007 to October 2010. Children with cerebral palsy between births to 5 years of age were included in the study. The Sampling technique was non probability purposive. Data was analyzed as frequency and association by chi-square in SPSS version 15. Children enrolled in this study were 300 their Mean age +/- SD was age 4.9 +/- SD 3.6 yrs. Mean maternal age +/- SD was 30.8 +/- 6.5 years. Mostly mothers had secondary level of education 110 [36.7]. Father's Mean income +/- SD was 11587 +/- SD. During assessment the pregnancy risk factors were mostly hypertension 55 [18.3%], diabetes mellitus 28 [9.3%] seizures 11 [3.7%] placenta previa 4 [1.3%]. The commonest risk factor was birth asphyxia in one third of children and two third of the deliveries were conducted in institutions as spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Birth asphyxia is the major obstetrics risk factors for cerebral palsy from birth to 5 years children. The obstetrics practices require revisiting and reprogramming to reduce cerebral palsy

Recognizing the sensory abilities in cerebral palsy children

To evaluate the sensory abilities in different type of cerebral palsy [CP]children. Retrospective, chart review This study was conducted at the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health sciences from January 22, 2011 to March 23, 2011 in a period of 2 month. 60 CP children already diagnosed with required categories [hemiplegia, diplegia and quadriplegia] without mental retardation between the ages from 4-8 years were included in this study after seeking consent from their parents, while CP children [Athetoid, ataxic, dystonic] below 4 years and above 8 years of age and other developmental disorders were excluded. Convenient sampling was used. A standardized questionnaire was developed to assess parent's perception of their children's sensory profile. It was a self-reporting questionnaire with five point scoring system. Trained Occupational Therapist assisted parents in filling out the form for the collection of data. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance [ANOVA]. The mean age was 5.47Results show that8 out of 38 items have significant value [p 0.05] on Item analysis. Mean value was calculated for each subtypes of CP, therefore classified them according to Dunn criterion on components of short sensory profile. On gender difference significant difference was found on tactile sensitivity, taste/smell sensitivity, under responsive/seek sensation and visual/auditory sensitivity. The differences of classification in each subtypes on seven components along with significant differences on 8 items on short sensory profile indicates that CP children suffer from sensory processing disorder that interferes with their performance. Thus it draws an attention towards a neglected side of palsy so that more accurate assessment and intervention planning could be implemented for effective rehabilitation program of cerebral palsy children